Hawaii+Research+Notes

- from 1899–1957 there was a plague (infection by Yerslnla pestis) in Hawaii that caused over 370 deaths.. The first signs of this plague were in rats from immigrant commensal rats, probably Rattus rattus ** and ** Rattus norveglcus that came on ships from Asia and in later stages of the plagues, fleas were also carries of the plague. Both the species of rats that had come to Hawaii on ships were already existing on the island at the time so naturally rats became the carriers of the plague.
 * __Part B __**
 * __ Plagues and Disease __**
 * __[]__**

- Following each introduction to port cities, the plague subsided after a few years but remained active in rural areas ** of ** two isl** and **s for nearly 50 years in Hamakua District on ** Hawaii **

- Because of European contact, contagious diseases such as cholera, measles and gonorrhea, decimated the Hawaiian population. The population was estimated at between 250,000 to 1 million when Captain Cook sailed into Kealakakua in 1779. By 1848 Hawaiians numbered 88,000.

- The first case of leprosy (a.k.a. Hansen's disease) was documented in Hawaii in 1835. The person lived in Koloa, Kauai. 1863 was the year that leprosy grew into an epidemic in the Hawaiian Islands. In 1865, the legislature passed the "Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy". Soon after, King Kamehameha V issued a decree ordering incurable leprosy victims to be removed from the general population. This created a permanent quarantine area on the island of Molokai. Kalawao was chosen for the resettlement of leprosy victims because it was surrounded by Ocean on three sides and by steep cliffs on the remaining side. Also, unlike other areas of the island, water was in abundance in Kalawao.

- There were many misconceptions about the disease and how one contracted it. One belief was that it was linked to venereal disease. Because Hawaiians were more likely than others to contract the disease, many Caucasians took this as divine judgment for what they viewed as the promiscuous Hawaiian lifestyle. There was anxiety that the Hawaiian population might vanish from the disease. Ironically, this was viewed more as a loss of labor force than a human loss. Thus, immigration to Hawaii was increased to insure a labor force for the growing sugar industry. In 1873, the Norwegian scientist, Armauer Hansen discovered a bacillus leprae, aka Mycobacterium leprae, was the cause of the disease. This proved it was a contagious and not hereditary disease.

-ancient Hawaiian warriors were called Koa -Koa were decendants of poloneasyan - - all Koa warriors were male - All the Koa’s weapons were man powered and there was very primitive technology involved in the weapons. most of the koa's arsenal is made up of mostly made of very thick wood that would sink when in water - the Koa used a large variety of weapons like spears, pikes, stone maces, tripping weapons, melee weapons, missile weapons, armor and martial arts - The spears of the Koa were called Pololu’s and was the main choice of weapon for the Koa - Spears were made out of dense tropical wood, so dense that they sink in water - a Pololu was usually about 12 – 15 feet long
 * __ Transportation and Weaponry __**
 * __ http://www.mythichawaii.com/weapons.htm __**

- the Koa’s melee weapons were usually wooden with shark teeth either stuck in the side or tied to the edges for a slashing effect. - Warriors specialized in various arms but carried multiple back up weapons into combat, a warrior might use a missile weapon (Javelin, Sling), followed by a first strike weapon (Trip Weapon) and then finally use a finishing off type weapon (Dagger, club). - Tactics of ancient Hawaiians included raining missile weapons, like deadly sling stones and spears down upon enemies from high arcs. Closing with pikes, spears 12' to 15' long in a formation allowing the first ranks or warriors to attack their enemies. Then decimating foes in melee combat with a terrifying array of hand weaponry. These weapons included short spears, clubs, shark toothed clubs, strangulation cords, trip weapons, throwing axes and the infamous Hawaiian daggers. Kao warriors were brutal and disciplined. The nobles wore spectacular feather capes as a form of armor. Kao warriors practiced an ancient marshal art called Lua, in it they trained to kill by breaking bones, using pressure points, and more. -This main body of ancient warriors moved steadily forward while other Koa warriors, equipped with melee weaponry that allowed more speed and maneuverability. It has been theorized that these weapons were used by Hawaiian commoners, but royal spear companies are known to have existed. These would have been a disciplined core to the ancient royal armies of hawaii -One of the most interesting early arms of Hawaii is the shark toothed club. Although this name is some what a misnomer, due to the fact that the shark toothed weapons were used for slashing weapons

http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&year=1778

-hawaiians used large double hulled canoes in order to get around

[] -The first people to settle in the Hawaiian Islands were highly skilled sea navigators from the South Pacific
 * __ socio-political ancient hawaii __**

-There were two periods of Polynesian migration from different parts of the Pacific. The first Polynesians migrated around 600-750 A.D. from Marquesas, and the second migration occurred around 1100 A.D. from the Society Islands

-These ancient sea-faring people brought with them food provisions, plants, and domestic animals, as well as knowledge of ocean navigation based on the stars. They traveled with the intent to settle, which they did, but they also made many return voyages to their homelands.

-Polynesians adapted to their new island home, developing their own culture while maintaining the social and political structure of their homeland. Small kingdoms divided the islands, and each kingdom was ruled by its own high chief. While the high chief was the highest political entity, he received guidance from a council of chiefs and a high priest. Under the king’s protection were the chiefs of the smaller districts of land. The chiefs, also known as alii, were ranked in society based on their ancestral lineage. The next group with social power was the kauna, priests and craftsmen. While kahuna were skilled with a profession, such as canoe building or medicine, they were attributed with knowledge of the supernatural and were to be revered and feared as well.The distinction between those with power and the makaainana (commoners) was maintained and reinforced with a system of restriction called “kapu.” The kapu system permeated everyday life and imposed punishments, which were often severe, upon offenders. An example of kapu is the rule that men and women could not eat together nor partake of the same foods. Women ate separately from men and were forbidden to eat coconut, pork or most varieties of banana. -Up until the late 1700s, the people of Hawaii only knew of people from other neighboring Pacific kingdoms. With the arrival of England’s Captain James Cook in 1778, the lives of the Hawaiian people were altered forever. Captain James Cook happened upon the Hawaiian Islands during an expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Captain Cook was familiar with the Pacific and had made contact with other peoples and Polynesian islands. His ships returned the following year and arrived in Kealakekua Bay, which means The Pathway of the God, and were mistaken by the people of Hawaii as the returning god, Lono


 * __ Energy __**

Ever since there have been settlers on Hawaii’s islands there has been a significant culture. Hawaii is a peaceful island of love that has never had any real trouble with war. This has allowed the Hawaiian culture to thrive and that’s why it still exists today.
 * __ The fall of the Hawaiians __**


 * __Essay (incomplete)__**


 * Intro**

For my integrated project my partner and I were assigned the ancient Kingdom of Hawaii. Hawaii is a very interesting culture with a very long history. One aspect of the Hawaiian culture I think we can learn a lot from is called Huna. In the teaching of Huna you learn how to control a substance in your body called your life force. Every culture has its own form of huna. The Chinese culture has Qi, Korean has Gi, Japanese has K i , and Vietnamese has Khí. In English we would call our Huna our mana. All these are equivalents. Huna is very important to modern day society because one who has control of his or her huna is in control of their life, is very health and also has the ability to heal. This essay will further explore why huna is so important.

In Hawaii, the teaching of Huna was originally called Ho'omana (to make "Mana", or life force energy). The people, called Kahuna, who practiced these techniques and teachings knew that all power and all force emanated from the One, the source of All life, all energy, which in Hawaii was called I'o. In those times, the same knowledge was taught everywhere else on the planet, too. Around the world today, only remnants of this system survive. This is because people all over the world are becoming more ignorant towards the ancient ways of living and are relying more and more on technology. --