Rise+of+the+USSR

= = RISE OF THE USSR ESSAY

BIBLIOGRAPHY MAIN PAGE =Research Notes= = = **Events and Leaders of The USSR (1917-1953)** -Russia ruled by Tsarist government - Marxism’s idea was a real relief to extremely poor peasants - 1917, February, first revolt against government occurs, Tsar and families flee. - 1917, August, second revolt and Bolsheviks are put into power. - 1918, armed conflict begins. Civil War - Between Reds and Whites. Whites are rich elite society. - Foreign countries also intervine - Bolsheviks are able to survive conflict - World War One and Civil War cause working class to collapse - 1921-22. famine strikes Russia, country becomes weaker - non-stop propaganda + total mobilization of society helps to get Bolsheviks into a solid government - Lenin is the current leader of the Party. - Lenin introduces NEW Economic Policy in 1921 - NEP shiftes from original beliefs - People can own their own farms and small business -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> 1924, country is doing better -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Lenin dies in 1924 as well -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Party was afraid of collapse without new leader appointed -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin takes over as head of the party -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Has full control of the party in 1929 -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Key goals; rapid industralization, unity in the party and society, and vigilance against class enemies -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Citizens would be the ones who made the rapid industralization happen -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Needed to show western powers that Russia was not weak -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin got donations of raw materials and food from peasants -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Collectivation of Farms begins to help with industralization -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Millions of peasants uprooted, traditional ways of doing things is lost -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Farms are started in remote regions of Russia -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> The switch from private to collective farms causes huge disorganization -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Government does not lessen their hold on the people -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Harvest failure in 1933 turns into another famine -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Other party members don’t agree with Stalin’s ideas -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin becomes aware of disagreements as well as replacement -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin tell public that party is not unified -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin kills Kirov, head of party in Leningrad and the possible replacement for Stalin -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin is able to then kill other party head that disagree with him -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin begins the “Great Purges” in 1934, climax is 1937-38 -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Great Purges is responsible for killing any one who is a doubter or a opponent of Stalin’s -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> People who are supposed to be against party are sent to work camps -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Prisoners work for free -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Any little infraction or anything anti-government could have you sent there -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> You and your immediate family went to camps -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> People began to do and not think -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Industralization happens because of the free labour -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Hitler comes to power and old treaty between countries dissolves -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Hitler wants to take over east and hates communism -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> USSR nervous about German attack and tries to work with Britain and Fracne -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Treaty is made but dissolves in 1937 -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> USSR signs a nonaggression treaty with Hitler and helps invade Poland 1939 -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin hopes that the War will be focused in the West, give him time to prepare -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> 1939-1941, Stalin takes control of Eastern Poland, Baltic Countries as well as Karelia and Bessarabia -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Hitler invaded USSR and drove the army deep into the country -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin had killed army leaders and had not found new ones -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Survival was important on the home front -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Massive relocation of the factories and workers occur -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Americans were very impressed with Russian industry -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Americans soon forgot the great sacrifice that the Soviets contributed -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Germans fail to take Moscow -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Put all their energy into Stalingrad -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Berlin is taken by Russia, Britian and the American forces in 1945 -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Then agreed to help Britain and Americans finish the war with Japan -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin was proud of the way the USSR came off in the War -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Western countries saw the USSR as a true power on the world stage -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Citizens of the country felt for sure that the time of repression was over -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Soon everyone was under repression again. -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin became much more paranoid -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Got rid of entire nations he felt had betrayed the USSR -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin cut off country from the outside world -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Iron Curtain idea begins to form -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Western Countries begin to fear communist exspansion -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Korea and China also now communist -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin negative qualities become more obvious -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin is totally paranoid now -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Scared his doctors are even trying to kill/ poison him -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Stalin dies in 1954 -source:<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"> [] **Art, Literature and Music** -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Bolsheviks move quickly to control arts after revolution -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Supervision of all art activities are given to commissioner of Education -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Censorship/repression was common -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Around the time of revolution, experimentation exploded -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Every artistic field was active, exploring new fields -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Wonderful mingling of artistic genres -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> 1919, theatres were brought under government control -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> 1922, scripts were censored and performances monitored -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Ideology of bringing art and literacy to the masses -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Women were also very active in arts -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> NEP period has artists scared -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Accused of being against the revolution -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Secret police everywhere waiting to catch people in artistic community -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Everyone was afraid -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Arts were constanly controlled -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> mid-30s campaign against avante-garde art -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> drama was extremely censored, due to emotional impacts on the audience -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> writers were put on trial, artists arrested and killed -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> great amount of repression -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> people hid “real creations” and led normal lives -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> “safe work” could still get you arrested -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> 1932, unions were set-up -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> had to join -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> without membership, couldn’t display work, some became homeless -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> if part of union, got public display, decent housing, health care, etc -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> most artists join though not must intellectual freedom -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> had to create optimistic ideas and pictures of soviet -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> artists who didn’t conform called formalists -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> if you had this label, could end up in poverty, lead to arrests and even death -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> socialist realism was the name given to the art created by union artists -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> WWII, artists were allowed to create freely again -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Had to paint patriotism and hatred of enemy -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> People who didn’t follow social realism were allowed to create as long as it served the cause -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> After war, censoring and repression began again -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Constant fear for those who didn’t conform -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> After Stalin’s death, unpatriotic artists tried to have a voice -source : <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"> []

**Science and Mathematical Contributions** -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> 1st successful rocket launch = satellite in orbit -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> begins space race in 1950s -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Americans were surprised by accomplishment -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Russians had released information about Sputnik -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Americans thought it was propaganda -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Sputnik was simply radio waves -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Sputnik two had a dog inside -<span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"> Wanted to see whether life could live in space -Russia took part in race for atomic bomb -Cold War started over nuclear devices -Russian spies had took information from USA - Stalin kept knowledge of information secret -In September, 1949, the first USSR atomic bomb was detonated - People were surprised that the USSR had been able to catch up to the USA so quickly -Made Stalin and the state look like they were actually a real power -Americans began to Russia -they were afraid of communism spreading -arms race began -lasted throughout the cold war

**Socio-Political Structure** -communist government came into power in 1917 -had a Tsarist government before -many rich, elite society emigrated or tried to adapted to new society -everyone was supposed to be equal -peasants and farmers never really helped -religion was evil to communists -religion became underground -churches and catherdrals were taken by government and closed -USSR wasn’t sure if Judaism was a religion or a nationality (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [|http://dailylife.greenwood.com/dle.aspx?k=3&x=GR1628&=p=GR1628-1461&bc=)] -jews would have to have “jewish” inscribed on their passport -jews with mixed parents would be allowed to choose inscription -most people used geographical area -jews were not allowed -it was formidable handicap for young people -Jews were referred to as fifth points -fifth points because the nationality was the fifth point on passport -jewish population one of the largest in world -regular violence occurred all the time to jews during tsar reign (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [|http://dailylife.greenwood.com/dle.aspx?k=3&x=GR1628&=p=GR1628-1461&bc= )] -bolsheviks offered jews opportunity to join regular society -`1919, state took away council in charge of synangogues and other cultural places -jewish sections of party ordered to make propaganda -propaganda had to be against Judaism and rabbis -many jews took chance to be a part of regular society -jews wre not allowed high jobs in politics -cultural life was crippled -stalin had deep hatred for jews -grew more strong as time went on -regime ultimately destroyed religious observance and cultural life (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [|http://dailylife.greenwood.com/dle.aspx?k=3&x=GR1628&=p=GR1628-1423&bc=)] -5,000 synagogues were closed by Stalin(<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [] ) -stalin handed over 2.5 million to the germans -during great purges, many cultural leaders were killed -no religion was spared from being destroyed -pioneered idea of national health care -free for all citizens, it was a right -1918, people’s commissarist of health created -Nikolai Semashko, first commissar -average life expectancy before Bolsheviks was 30 -very behind compared to English and France -ministry focused on vaccination, hygiene, easy access to care -eye-catching ads were used to get citizens attention -about things that they needed education in -thousands of new doctors needed -government turned to women for cheap labour -medicals school shut out women before -academic standards compromised to get doctors fast -professors protested changes -bolsheviks very mindful of minorities -first deportation of non-russians in 1920(<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal;"> [] ) -people in northern Caucasus forced from homes believed opposition to collectivization and communist rule (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 10px; line-height: normal;"> [] ) -Stalin deported entire ethnic groups -many had own territorial roots -volga germans deported during 1941 -soviets afraid of revolt or support for german forces -more then 50 nationalites deported in total (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [] ) -16.5 million people in Kaz -Kazakhs were most devastated nation -thousands perished during collectivization -great famine also devastating -population declined twenty-eight percent bet. 1926-37 (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [] ) -57% of Kaz. Population lived in cities, 77% in countryside (<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-family: Arial; line-height: normal;"> [] ) -lived on large state farms -nomadic herding was primary economy -greatly reduce during collectivization -most Uzbeks struggled, relatively poor -big yields had negative effects on environment -growth of Uzbek population amazing -caused many problems -great pressure on public services -soviet wanted to free women from degrading status -many women keep traditional roles still -tried to end traditional religious traditions -russians didn’t do good job ending old discriminations -ethnic minorities were removed from own culture -deportees lost literacy language -central asia and Siberia were dumping grounds for deportees -germans we4re highly discriminated -their school were closed -almost half a million deported in 1941

-bound by arctic ocean to north and pacific -nearly halfway around the northern hemisphere -enormous variety of landforms and landscapes -mainly occur in latitundal pattern -arctic desert in extreme north -tundra south of north -forest zones, cover half country -wooded steppe south of forest zone-semidesert along northern shore of Caspian sea -winters are very extreme -evaporation can’t keep up with accumulation of moisture -abundant rivers, lakes and swamps -permafrost covers four million square miles -western section (divided at Yenisey river) mostly lowland plains -eastern mostly mountainous terrain -dominance of continental climate -more than half of country is north of 60 degrees -these are cold continental climates -western + northern sides open to atlantic and arctic influences -really own two seasons -winter and summer, very extreme -fall and spring are rapid -latitudinal environmental belts -six main environmental belts -arctic desert, tundra, taija, mixed and deciduous forest, wooded steppe and steppe -forests account for two-fifths of total land -many areas remain unsettled -too cold -total land total 17,075,200 kilometres squared -sepereated from the U.S. by 86 kilometres (Bering Strait) -79,400 kilometres squared of lakes and rivers -the Volga is largest river system in Europe -enormous quanity of natural resources -twenty percent of the world’s oil -immense reserves of minerals including tin, nickel, copper, gold and diamonds -climate and poor soil, bad agricultural
 * Geography and Climate**

-Stalin wanted to reform the economy -agriculture needed to be refigured -the aim was to modernize the Soviet Union -Stalin introduced “five year plans” which aimed to create collectivization and industralization -stalin called this movement the second revolution(Lynch, pg.69-77) -saw it as a new part of the soviet union -original idea of economy was to establish it and then let it develop on its own -Stalin changed that so the state controlled the economy -wanted to be able to prove that Soviet was industrial -believe it would help the Soviet turn into a modern society that would be better than European powers (Lynch, pg.69-77) -farms became under state order -peasants no longer farmed for individual gain, instead, they were given wages -figured that the profit would help to build up industrialization -kulaks were better-off peasants (Lynch, pg.69-77) -stalin wanted to get rid of them -felt like they were against the state -many peasants helped with anti-kulak movement -Kulaks had their land taken and were physically attacked -they were usually arrested and deported later -renewed terror in peasants -peasants tried their hardest to resist the collectivization(Lynch, pg. 69-77) -Stalin had the process delayed -by 1939, almost all had been collectivized -peasants would not co-operate with orders (Lynch, pg. 69-77) -very bad consequences -peasants needed all food that was grown -animals were killed too -no crops or animals -soviet was upset -imprisoned and deported peasants -famine was inevitable (Lynch, pg. 69-77) -1932-33 national famine hit -Stalin and government would not admit to famine(Lynch, pg. 69-77) -10-15 million peasants died in famine -Stalin wanted to have a war economy -making war on failings of past Russia, class enemies and western countries -iron,steel and oil needed to be produced -guarantee strength against attack -fast drive for industralization -began five years plans to help fast industralization -quotas were set-up -when they were reached, optimal plan set-up
 * The Economy and Agriculture**